Part 01 Vagrant Guide

Vagrant is an open-source tool for building and managing virtualized environments. It provides easy-to-use workflows for working with different development environments.

Installation

1. Install VirtualBox

Vagrant requires a provider such as VirtualBox. Download and install it from VirtualBox Downloads.

2. Install Vagrant

Download and install Vagrant from Vagrant Downloads.

Verify the installation:

vagrant --version

Getting Started with Vagrant

1. Initialize a New Project

To create a new Vagrant environment:

vagrant init bento/ubuntu-24.04 --box-version 202407.23.0

This command creates a Vagrantfile in your project directory, which describes the virtual machine configuration.

2. Start the Virtual Machine

Run the following to launch the VM:

vagrant up

3. SSH into the Virtual Machine

Log into the virtual machine using SSH:

vagrant ssh

4. Shut Down the Virtual Machine

When done, halt the VM:

vagrant halt

Common Commands

Command	Description
`vagrant init`	Initialize a new Vagrant environment.
`vagrant up`	Start the Vagrant environment.
`vagrant ssh`	SSH into the Vagrant machine.
`vagrant halt`	Stop the virtual machine.
`vagrant destroy`	Remove the virtual machine.
`vagrant status`	Check the status of the virtual machine.
`vagrant provision`	Apply changes in the Vagrantfile to the VM.
`vagrant reload`	Restart the VM with updated configurations.

Basic `Vagrantfile` Example

Below is a sample Vagrantfile:

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # Define the box to use
  config.vm.box = "hashicorp/bionic64"

  # Define the virtual machine's network
  config.vm.network "private_network", type: "dhcp"

  # Share a folder between the host and the guest
  config.vm.synced_folder "./data", "/vagrant_data"

  # Customize VM resources
  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
    vb.memory = "1024"
    vb.cpus = 2
  end
end

Additional Resources

Vagrant Official Documentation

Linux Basics Tutorial

Introduction to Linux

Linux is an open-source operating system widely used in servers, desktops, and embedded systems. It’s known for its stability, security, and versatility. Linux is based on the Unix operating system and provides a command-line interface (CLI) for users to interact with the system.

Basic Linux Commands

Navigating the File System

pwd
Prints the current working directory.
```
pwd
```

ls
Lists files and directories in the current directory.

ls
ls -l  # For detailed listing
ls -la # for hiddent file starting with .

cd
Changes the current directory.

cd /path/to/directory
cd ~  # Goes to the home directory

mkdir
Creates a new directory.
```
mkdir new_directory
```
rmdir
Removes an empty directory.
```
rmdir directory_name
```

rm
Removes files or directories.

rm file_name
rm -r directory_name  # Removes a directory and its contents

File and Directory Operations

touch
Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
```
touch new_file.txt
```

cp
Copies files or directories.

cp source_file destination_file
cp -r source_directory destination_directory  # For directories

mv
Moves or renames files or directories.

mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /path/to/destination

Viewing File Content

cat
Displays the contents of a file.
```
cat file.txt
```
less
Opens a file for reading, allowing scrolling through the content.
```
less file.txt
```
head
Displays the first 10 lines of a file.
```
head file.txt
```
tail
Displays the last 10 lines of a file.
```
tail file.txt
```

Searching Files and Directories

find
Finds files and directories by name, type, and other attributes.
```
find /path/to/search -name "filename.txt"
```
grep
Searches for a specific pattern inside a file.
```
grep "search_pattern" file.txt
```

File Permissions

chmod
Changes file permissions.

chmod +x file.sh  # Adds execute permission
chmod 755 file.sh  # Sets specific permissions

chown
Changes file owner and group.
```
chown user:group file.txt
```

Process Management

ps
Lists running processes.
```
ps aux  # Lists all processes
```
top
Displays system processes in real-time.
```
top
```
kill
Terminates a process by its process ID (PID).
```
kill PID
```

Package Management (Debian/Ubuntu)

apt update
Updates the list of available packages.
```
sudo apt update
```
apt upgrade
Upgrades installed packages to their latest versions.
```
sudo apt upgrade
```
apt install
Installs a new package.
```
sudo apt install package_name
```
apt remove
Removes an installed package.
```
sudo apt remove package_name
```

User and Group Management

useradd
Creates a new user.
```
sudo useradd username
```
passwd
Changes the password for a user.
```
sudo passwd username
```
groupadd
Creates a new group.
```
sudo groupadd group_name
```

3. File System Structure

Linux uses a hierarchical file system structure, where everything is under the root directory /. Below are common directories:

/ - Root directory
/home - User home directories
/etc - Configuration files
/var - Variable files (e.g., logs)
/usr - User programs and data
/tmp - Temporary files

4. Basic Shell Scripting

Create a script
Create a new file and add a shebang at the beginning (#!/bin/bash), followed by commands.
```
nano script.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, Linux!"
```
Make the script executable
```
chmod +x script.sh
```
Run the script
```
./script.sh
```

Check the currently logged in user

whoami

Log in with root

sudo -s

Check memory usages

free -m

Disk Management

Check all disk available

fdisk -l
lsblk

Check block id of a disk

blkid

Check Disk space

df -sh

Check disk usgaes

du -sh *

How to format a disk

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc

How to mount to a directory ?

mkdir /data
mount /dev/sdc /data

Mount this permanenetly

vi /etc/fstab
/dev/sdc   ext4   /data   defaults 0  0

Update the fstab

mount -a

Test after rebooting your Server if you want

reboot
init 6

Part 01

Vagrant Guide